Heat Transfer
For a liquid in laminar flow through a very long tube, when the exit fluid temperature approaches the wall temperature, the equation to be used is

Nu = 2Gz0.5
Nu = Gz
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 . Pr0.4
Nu = Gz

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Heat Transfer
Extended heat transfer surface like fins are used to increase the heat transfer rate. Fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of heat transferred across the fin surface to the theoretical heat transfer across an equal area held at the

Temperature of the fin end
Surrounding temperature
Average temperature of the fin
Constant temperature equal to that of the base

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Heat Transfer
Air is to be heated by condensing steam. Two heat exchangers are available (i) a shell and tube heat exchanger and (ii) a finned tube heat exchanger. Tube side heat transfer area are equal in both the cases. The recommended arrangement is

Shell and tube heat exchanger with air inside tubes and steam on shell side
Finned tube heat exchanger with air inside and steam outside
Shell and tube heat exchanger with air on shell side and steam inside tubes
Finned tube heat exchanger with air outside and steam inside

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Heat Transfer
The advantage of backward feed multiple effect evaporators over forward feed units is that

Heat sensitive material can be handled
Equal heat transfer co-efficients exist in various effects
Most concentrated liquid is at highest temperature
There is no additional cost of pumping

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