Irrigation Engineering
For a flood control reservoir, the effective storage is equal to

useful storage + surcharge storage
useful storage – valley storage
useful storage + surcharge storage + valley storage
useful storage + surcharge storage -valley storage

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Irrigation Engineering
A counter berm is

A horizontal benching provided on the outside slope
A vertical benching provided on the inner edge of the bank
A vertical benching provided on the outer edge of the bank
A horizontal benching provided on the inside slope

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