Skin Effect: tendency of the current to crowd near the conductor surface.
Skin effect is proportional to frequency, conductor diameter and permiability. Skin effect increases effective resistance of conductor. In DC, no skin effect.
Starting method of 1 phase I.M. Split phase starting Shaded pole starting types of 1 phase I.M. Resistor split phase motor capacitor spit phase motor Resistor split phase motors have poor starting torque capacitor split phase motor, capacitor connect series with auxiliary winding make angle 90˚ result in optimum starting torque.
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