Environmental Science
Although the polar regions radiate away more heat energy than they receive by insolation in the course of a year, they are prevented from becoming progressively colder each year by the:

Conduction of heat through the interior of the earth
Circulation of heat by the atmosphere and oceans
Concentration of earth's magnetic field lines at the poles
Release of latent heat to the atmosphere when polar ice melts
The insulating properties of snow

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Environmental Science
Low clouds retard surface cooling at night better than clear skies because:

The clouds are better conductors of heat than is the clear night air
The clouds absorb and radiate infrared energy back to earth
The clouds start convection currents between them
The water droplets in the clouds reflect infrared energy back to earth
The formation of the clouds releases latent heat energy

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