System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
all of the listed here
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed

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System Analysis and Design
Data manipulation language (DML)

all of the listed here
specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data
determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view
describes how data are structured in the data base

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