Heat and Mass Transfer
Depending on the radiating properties, a body will be white when(Where a = absorptivity, p = reflectivity, x = transmissivity)

X = 0, a + p = 1
P=1, T = 0 and a = 0
P = 0, x = 0 and a = 1
P = 0, x = 1 and a = 0

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Film coefficient is defined as Inside diameter of tube

Thermal conductivity Equivalent thickness of film Specific heat × Viscosity
Thermal conductivity Molecular diffusivity of momentum Thermal diffusivity
Film coefficient × Inside diameter Thermal conductivity
Equivalent thickness of film

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Heat and Mass Transfer
According of Kirchhoff's law

Radiant heat is proportional to fourth power of absolute temperature
Emissive power depends on temperature
Emissive power and absorptivity are constant for all bodies
Ratio of emissive power to absorptive power for all bodies is same and is equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black body

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