Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Increases pressure drop, increases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area

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Mass Transfer
In steam distillation, the

Temperature is higher than the boiling point of either component
Product must be immiscible with water
Temperature is 100°C
Temperature is more than 100° C

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Mass Transfer
McCabe-Thiele method

Is more accurate than Ponchan-Savarit method
Uses weight fractions to express liquid and vapour composition
Uses molal units for material and energy balance
Can use any type of units

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