Plant Structure
Cellular metabolism is an example of

steady-state metabolism
a series of reactions occurring under standard conditions
equilibrium metabolism
a series of reactions that defy the second law of thermodynamics

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions
Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials
None of these
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo

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Plant Structure
Any system that is not at equilibrium

is thermodynamically unstable, although it may be kinetically stable
is rushing toward equilibrium at a very rapid rate
requires an enzyme to reach equilibrium
is kinetically unstable, although it may be thermodynamically stable

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