Electrical Machines
Breadth factor is defined as the ratio of

 both 1 and 2.
 emf with distributed winding to emf with concentrated winding.
None of these
 emf with concentrated winding to emf with distributed winding.

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Electrical Machines
Consider the following statements about commutating poles which are fitted on most large dc Shunt motors: 1. The commutating poles are placed in the geometric neutral plane and their number is usually Equal to the number of main poles 2. The winding on the commutating poles is connected in series with the shunt-field winding on the main poles 3. The polarity of the commutating pole must be that of the next pole further ahead 4. The commutating poles neutralize the reactance voltage produced in the coil undergoing Commutation. Of these statements,

 2, 3 and 4 are correct
 1, 2 and 4 are correct
 1, 2 and 3 are correct
 1 and 4 are correct

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Electrical Machines
The residual magnetism of a self-excited dc generator is lost. To build up its emf again

 the field winding connection must be reversed
 field winding must be excited by low voltage dc supply
 the armature connection must be reversed
 the field winding must be replaced

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