Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Is economical in operation
Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement
Both B & C
Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle

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