Measurement and Instrumentation
Alternating current is measured by

Permanent magnet type ammeter
Moving iron repulsion type voltmeter
Induction ammeter
Electrostatic ammeter

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Measurement and Instrumentation
In DC potentiometer measurments, a second reading is often taken after reversing the polarities of the DC supply and the unknown voltage and the average of the two reading is taken. This is with a view of eliminate the effects of

  Stray thermal emfs.
 Errorneous standardisation.
 Ripples of the DC supply.
 Stray magnetic fields.

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