Heat Transfer
Air is best heated with steam in a heat exchanger of

double pipe type with fin on air side
plate type
double pipe type with fin on steam side
shell and tube type

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Heat Transfer
Fouling factor

None of these
Accounts for additional resistances to heat flow
Does not provide a safety factor for design
Is a dimensionless quantity

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Heat Transfer
Vacuum is generally maintained in the vapour space of an evaporator mainly to

Facilitate forward feeding in multiple effect evaporation
Get economical temperature difference by using moderate pressure steam
Achieve very high concentration of the final product
Concentrate heat sensitive materials

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