Internal Combustion Engines
A hydraulic ram is a device used to

To lift small quantity of water to a greater height when a large quantity of water is available at a smaller height
Increase the pressure of water
To lift water from deep wells
Store the energy of water

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engines

Exhaust valve opens just after bottom dead center and closes just before top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at 35° before bottom dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center
May open and close anywhere

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