Heat and Mass Transfer
Absorptivity of a body will be equal to its emissivity

At all temperatures
At one particular temperature
At critical temperature
When system is under thermal equilibrium

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Kirchhoff's law states that

The total radiation from a black body per second per unit area is directly proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature
The ratio of the emissive power and absorptive power of all bodies is the same and is equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black body
The wave length corresponding to the maximum energy is proportional to the absolute temperature
None of these

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Heat and Mass Transfer
The heat transfer by conduction through a thick cylinder (Q) is given by (where T₁ = Higher temperature, T₂ = Lower temperature, r₁ = Inside radius, r₂ = Outside radius, l = Length of cylinder, and k = Thermal conductivity)

Q = [2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 log (r₂/r₁)
Q = 2.3 log (r₂/r₁)/[2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]
Q = [2π (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 lk log (r₂/r₁)
Q = = 2πlk/2.3 (T₁ - T₂) log (r₂/r₁)

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