Heat Transfer
A process stream of dilute aqueous solution flowing at the rate of10 Kg.s⁻¹ is to be heated. Steam condensate at 95°C is available for heating purpose, also at a rate of 10 Kg.s⁻¹. A 1 - 1 shell and tube heat exchanger is available. The best arrangement is

Counter flow with process stream on tube side
Counter flow with process stream on shell side
Parallel flow with process stream on shell side
Parallel flow with process stream on tube side

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Heat Transfer
Condensing film co-efficient for steam on horizontal tubes ranges from 5000 to 15000 Kcal/hr.m² .°C. Condensation of vapor is carried out inside the tube in a shell and tube heat exchanger, when the

Lower pressure drop through the exchanger is desired
Higher condensing film co-efficient is desired
Condensate is corrosive in nature
Temperature of the incoming vapor is very high

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Heat Transfer
Vacuum is generally maintained in the vapour space of an evaporator mainly to

Concentrate heat sensitive materials
Facilitate forward feeding in multiple effect evaporation
Get economical temperature difference by using moderate pressure steam
Achieve very high concentration of the final product

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