Manufacturing And Production Technology
Shrinkage allowance on pattern is provided to compensate for shrinkage when

The metal changes from liquid to solid state at freezing temperature
The temperature of liquid metal drops from pouring to freezing temperature
The temperature of solid phase drops from freezing to room temperature
The temperature of metal drops from pouring to room temperature

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

Cutting velocity remains constant
All of these
Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced
Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece

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