Electrical Machines
A DC shunt generator builds up 230 V when driven in clockwise direction. In case it is driven in anti clockwise direction, other things remaining unchanged, then the voltage build up is

 not possible
 some what less than 230 V
 230 V
 some what more than 230 V

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Electrical Machines
The synchronous motor can be started by

  coupling it with a DC compound motor.
  any of the above methods.
  providing damper winding in its rotor circuit.
  coupling it with a small AC induction motor called the pony motor.

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