Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Weep holes provided in the plates of a distillation column

Facilitate draining out liquid from a tray when the unit is not in operation
All of these
Must be large enough (usually 1/4" to 5/8" dia) to prevent plugging but should not deliver excessive amount of fluid during operation
Are normally located near the overflow weir so that any delivery of liquid during operation follows approximately the same path as the overflow fluid

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