Surveying
α and β are the angles subtended by a point of elevation h at their air station with respective plumb points. Photo scale and focal length of the lens being ‘S’ and ‘f’ respectively. Parallax displacement of the point due to relief, is

h tan α/S
h tan β/S
h (tan α + tan β)/S
h (tan α - tan β)/S

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
is used at the time of standardising the tape
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag

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