Electrical Machines
The synchronous motor can be started by

  coupling it with a DC compound motor.
  providing damper winding in its rotor circuit.
  coupling it with a small AC induction motor called the pony motor.
  any of the above methods.

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Electrical Machines
The synchronous reactance( Xs) is the

 reactance due to armature reaction of the machine
 combined reactance due to armature reaction and leakage flux
 reactance either due to armature reaction or leakage flux
 reactance due to leakage flux

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